INTERDISCIPLINARITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION : A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE IN THE PERIOD 2014-2018

Goal: The growing complexity of problems induces the use of multiand interdisciplinary approaches in their solution. This situation occurs in a number of fields, including in the field of Education. The results of research from the interdisciplinary point of view in Education are presented in several journals, addressing different subjects, which prevents a holistic view on the development of this area. In order to fill this gap, this article aims to study interdisciplinarity in education in order to understand how the concept of interdisciplinarity has been applied in this area. Design / Methodology / Approach: It consists of a bibliographical survey, with articles indexed in the SCOPUS database. The selection of articles was limited to a transversal research in the literature from 2014 to 2018, using the following keywords: interdisciplinarity and higher education. Limitations of the investigation: Through the methodology used, 60 articles were selected. Results: Few articles were related to interdisciplinary practices, demonstrating the need for research to cover this gap. Practical implications: Although the subject began in the 1970s, there is still much to be researched regarding interdisciplinarity in education, to allow a better dissemination and practice thereof, so that students have a systemic view of current complexity. Originality / Value: The study points out a gap in the literature, and the quantitative results suggest that there is a greater deficiency of works directed to the application of the interdisciplinary approach in the development of this aspect for the improvement of society.


INTRODUCTION
From the contemporaneity, complex problems that should be discussed in an unconventional, strictly disciplinary way arise.It is thus necessary that the different fields of knowledge dialogue and produce new forms of knowledge.According to Hannon et al. (2018), the focus on complex problems brings the need to have interdisciplinary curricula, beyond the limit of the subjects, to allow a better understanding.
According to Clark et Wallace (2015), knowledge is fragmented in its organization, classification, production and use in academia, professions, and society.A practical conceptualization of interdisciplinarity in the interests of integration is necessary to address the multiple perspectives, epistemologies and fragmentation inherent in these problems.
Interdisciplinarity, conceived in its etymological definition, is used in an overly broad sense.The definition of interdisciplinary implies in the relations between two or more disciplines or branches of knowledge, or something that is common to two or more disciplines (Houaiss, 2017).Barth et Michelsen (2013) note that sustainability comprises a concept that not only influences educational practices, but also suggests disciplinary contributions to foster inter and transdisciplinary research in the discourse of sustainability.The question remains as to how and to what extent educational science in particular can contribute to the science of sustainability in terms of an "inside-out" approach.
In this context, the question that emerges from the research is "what is the frontier of knowledge within the Interdisciplinarity and Higher Education interface?"Thus, the aim of this study is to carry out a cross-sectional bibliographic study on interdisciplinarity in education in the period 2014-2018, in order to understand how the concept of interdisciplinarity has been applied in this field today.To achieve this goal, the following steps were taken: a) bibliographic research aiming to select the works in the last 5 years; b) analysis of selected articles, seeking to identify the subjects of the frontier of knowledge; and c) identification of the subjects cited by each of the authors.

CONTEXT OF INTERDISCIPLINARITY
Interdisciplinarity arises with the urgency of concern for the environment, and disciplinary issues are not enough to solve it.According to Weidner (1973), "interdisciplinarity and, in fact, all other forms of innovation, must be viewed from the standpoint of entire educational systems, thereby allowing the challenges to be faced."Zverev (1975) believes that interdisciplinarity should be taken to the educational subject, reflecting its subordination to the structure of the study of school education, developed on the basis of an analysis of scientific knowledge.
In the analysis of the recent literature, interdisciplinarity is directly related to sustainability, and this can be studied at various educational levels.Annan-Diab et al. (2017) proposes that "interdisciplinarity should be applied to MBA students from graduate courses of different backgrounds," considering interdisciplinary education for sustainable development, where students should be encouraged to combine knowledge of different disciplines, in order to advance in understanding and sustainable development issues.
In the view of Klein et al. (2017), "interdisciplinarity and collaboration are key words for change in the 21 st century.Both, however, face challenges across the academic system, from administrative policies and budget formulas to disciplinary research and education cultures." With so much specialization of the disciplines, the search for interdisciplinarity falls in the complex field.Tarrant et Thiele (2016), believes that "interdisciplinarity needs a huge effort to be achieved" and there is little discussed in the literature regarding practices and the way it occurs.According to Choi et al. (2006), "interdisciplinarity analyzes, synthesizes and harmonizes the links between disciplines in a coordinated and coherent whole." In the perspective of Morillo et al. (2003), "interdisciplinarity is considered the best way to tackle practical research topics, and studies on interdisciplinarity, from every possible perspective, are increasingly required," for a better understanding of the complex and what may be required for sustainable development.According to Steiner et Posch (2006), "traditional unidirectional educational processes are of very limited use for the education of sustainable development."The systemic view becomes important in this context, and the authors further corroborate that "mutual learning based on real-world cases requires an interdisciplinary point of view."The resolution of the complex sustainable development dilemma requires other attributes, such as creative ability, social skills, and specific communication skills to address dynamic transformation, and these lessons should occur in the classroom.
Universities play a key role in this process, and improving interdisciplinarity becomes a strategic goal at almost all levels of education according to Ferrer-Balas et al. (2008).According to Richter et Paretti (2009), "educators do not yet have rigorous research on learning barriers, outcomes, and concrete interventions to support this interdisciplinary development." Fiore (2008) considers teamwork important to improve research in the interdisciplinary field and the practice of science.According to Rhoten et Pfirman (2007), "in the United States, funding agencies fund interdisciplinary research and universities promote the expansion of interdisciplinary research."Interdisciplinarity is directly linked to sustainable issues, according to Yarime et al. (2012): "As sustainability issues span across multiple academic disciplines, from the natural sciences to the social and human sciences, interdisciplinarity has become a core idea for mastering the science of sustainability."Gasevic et al. (2014) reinforce that the scarcity of the subject of educational technological innovation could be a worrying sign of the fragmentation of research and the need to increase efforts to promote interdisciplinarity.
According to Bromham et al. (2016), "interdisciplinary research is widely considered a greenhouse for innovation, and the only plausible approach to complex problems."The problem of this subject is the issue of the financing of interdisciplinary studies.

Interdisciplinarity in Education
According to Klassen (2018), in order to design an interdisciplinary education, some variables are necessary, such as "the choice of the problem, the level of interaction between different disciplines, and the constructive alignment."Leydesdorff et al. (2018), however, state it is difficult to operationalize interdisciplinarity in the absence of a definition of the disciplines.Correia et Souza (2018) conceptualize interdisciplinarity as a guiding principle for theories and methodologies in several fields of knowledge.Notwithstanding, interdisciplinary research involves other aspects such as politics, pedagogy and epistemology.Raynaut (2014) notes that interdisciplinarity arises in the context of understanding contemporary issues, beyond disciplinary boundaries, in order to understand the complexity of current problems, focusing on methodological issues.
According to Raynaut (2011), interdisciplinarity is a process of dialogue between disciplines that are established in their theoretical and methodological identity, but which respect the knowledge produced by others, acknowledging their own limits, thereby confronting disciplinary fields to feed a core problem without requiring distancing itself from its own questions.There should not be a hierarchy between the disciplines -there ought to be a mutual feeding to generate new questions, approaches, and results.
The university continues to be a merely expository environment, and it is necessary for educators to be aware of the theoretical purposes that justify the need for interdisciplinary action.It is not possible to develop an understanding and complex thinking only with the juxtaposition of teachers in the classroom.It is necessary to rescue the importance of the "other" in the construction of knowledge without ignoring the social changes, understanding the current reality.Further, there should be redundancy in the sense of promoting the interaction of the individuals with the aim of exchanging information among the teachers to create an adequate and comprehensive curriculum (Kern et al., 2011).

METHODOLOGY
The bibliographic search was carried out in the Scopus indexed database, on October 20, 2018, using the following keywords: TITLE-ABS-KEY (("interdisciplinarity AND "higher education")) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, "ar")) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, "re") OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, "ip")) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRCTYPE, "j")) AND (LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2018)) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2017) OR LIMIT-TO (PUB-YEAR, 2016) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2015) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2014)), limited to a study that is characterized as cross-sectional, the period of time for the search in the portal database, in the last 5 years, being motivated by the aspect of the unpublished contribution of the identified studies.After the search, 108 articles were found.The selection considered articles, reviews, and press articles.In the filter, 108 articles were analyzed considering their adhesion to the title and the abstract, with 60 remaining in the selection of articles for the composition of the "initial core," based on the bibliometric model used by Freitas (2017).Thus, the steps of the Methodology are described in Figure 1  Figure 1 represents the steps taken by the systematic research.The research problem was defined.Following that, we performed the literature review, defining the interdisciplinarity and its context, as well as Interdisciplinarity in Education.The method consisted of a bibliographic and cross-sectional research in the period 2014-2018.Following that, it was performed the analysis of the results, in which 10 subjects were addressed by the authors.Finally, the conclusion was developed.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ARTICLES
With the articles selected as the "starting core," an analysis of the abstracts was carried out to identify the articles that corresponded most to the initial idea of the search: to verify how interdisciplinarity is inserted in education and what the authors' understanding is regarding the meaning of interdisciplinarity and its importance.Thus, the analysis of the most relevant abstracts is presented in Chart 1 below.
Based on the analysis of the abstracts, the 10 subjects most frequently addressed by the authors regarding the interface between interdisciplinarity and higher education are presented in Chart 2. The following were considered: S 1 = Study of Complex Problems (Related to studies of complex problems); S 2 = Sustainable Issues (Relationship with sustainable development); S 3 = Interdisciplinarity as a Method (definition of applied Interdisciplinarity as a teaching method); S 4 = Interdisciplinary Practices (the authors approach interdisciplinarity as a teaching practice); S The interdisciplinary approach in law education has been advocated.Nevertheless, there is little evidence in terms of how this form of teaching can influence the relationship with other disciplines.Empirical evidence demonstrates that the adoption of interdisciplinary teaching is related to their previous higher education, socialization in research, and multidisciplinary environments.
For authors to critically reflect on the curriculum enhancement program led by them, they would have acted differently to increase students' opportunities for interdisciplinarity in teaching and research.It is of the utmost importance that students be able to study issues based on interdisciplinary perspectives and to have maximum flexibility in their grades, thus ensuring that their choices are purposeful.In addition, it is important to facilitate the interactions of the deans, academic directors, and other college staff so that everyone has the same goal of collaboration and do not act independently.The author notes that, in modern universities in Russia, interdisciplinarity and complexity are the main principles that underlie the proposed integrative approach used in higher education.Ouellet et al.
According to the authors, the interdisciplinary dialogue is promoted based on the need to understand the study of sustainability.Nanni et al.
The authors analyze the changes in interdisciplinary practices, with the adoption of computational approaches.

Grierson and Munro
The authors discuss the relationship between sustainable development and interdisciplinarity in distance Higher Education.Donina et al.
Interdisciplinary research is critical to meeting contemporary challenges.In this sense, interdisciplinarity has become prominent in political discourse for science and Higher Education.

Power and Handley
The complex problems created by global society require moving beyond disciplinary boundaries, and interdisciplinary practices emerge as facilitators for solving these problems.

Self and Baek
Interdisciplinarity arises to offer skills and competencies, thereby reinforcing the need to provide an interdisciplinary curriculum with interdisciplinary experiences.

Tarrant and Thiele
Interdisciplinarity is a challenge for achieving integrative knowledge in order to solve complex problems in the field of sustainability studies.

Knewstubb and Nicholas
According to the authors, the interdisciplinary conceptual model contributes to exploring the relationship between teaching and learning as a methodological approach.

Brooks
Contemporary problems can best be approached with broadly trained specialists who can think, imagine and solve problems beyond academic disciplinary boundaries.

Buekers
Interdisciplinarity as an approach can be used to explain how elite athletes deal with the complex nature of sport skills.

Macuch and Dal
The authors address interdisciplinarity as an important methodology, being a facilitator in understanding concepts related to learning.Brudermann et al.
According to the authors, the interdisciplinary approach arises for a better understanding of environmental and social issues, with the aim of promoting sustainable development.

Holt et al.
There is a growing need for interdisciplinary education, based on socio-environmental issues that go beyond disciplinary boundaries.Pinto et al.
The authors believe that the interdisciplinary approach broadens the possibility of complementing the gaps left by disciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches.

Ribeiro
The author notes that having a network of researchers and strong links are positively related to interdisciplinarity.

Shandas and Brown
Interdisciplinarity is an educational and research paradigm that emerges to address complex problems beyond disciplinary boundaries.Interdisciplinarity presents a practical approach to dealing with contemporary challenges.Kaittani et al.
The authors analyze interdisciplinarity as a method used in teaching and learning.The authors consider curricular change and build new interdisciplinary links to teach the concepts of sustainability.

Peterson
Higher education is improved based on interdisciplinary thinking.Cárdenas-Rodrigues et al.
The authors cite innovative educational changes based on the principles of interdisciplinarity.

Alexei
The author cites interdisciplinarity and curricular customization as an interactive teaching strategy aimed at developing learning skills and abilities.Monk et al.
The authors cite that technology and curriculums allow the creation of research that is not limited by disciplines, but rather by interdisciplinary interactions.
The scarcity and practical constraints of a flexible curriculum restrict the denser interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary discourses in higher education.

Macdonnell
The author addresses interdisciplinarity as a dimension of emancipatory nursing.

Lee
The author notes that interdisciplinarity has been used in higher education as a response to the need for training of generalists and non-specialists.Mobley et al.
The authors address the teaching of sustainability and biocomplexity in the interdisciplinary perspective.
The innovative format and pedagogical approach can be employed in other disciplines to promote an understanding of complex environmental issues.

Balon
The author addresses the disappearance of postmodernism based on debates and perspectives for interdisciplinarity.After analyzing the graph, the topic most frequently addressed by the authors about the importance of the study of Interdisciplinarity is the "Study of Complex Problems," with 16.7%, followed by "Interdisciplinary Practices," "Sustainable Issues" and "Other," with 12.2% each.The first three subjects are closely linked to the need for a behavioral change in the educational approach of interdisciplinarity, as a field of complexity that can be internalized through practical experiences provided by a contemporary education, aiming at sustainability.The subjects of "Curricular Questions", "Interdisciplinarity as a Method", and "Interdisciplinary Approach" are factors that support the possible changes in formal curricula.A larger gap of study is found in the following subjects with "Interdisciplinarity in the Improvement of Skills and Competencies", with "Contemporary Discourse", with "Interdisciplinarity for Innovation" being the least frequently cited.These last items are presented as the consequences that may arise from interdisciplinarity as a science of training of a new reality of competencies and their applications in the impetus of innovations that are necessary for the survival of organizations in this society of knowledge and that must be sustainable.

CONCLUSION
This article reached the objective of performing a cross-sectional bibliographical analysis in order to identify the frontier of knowledge in the interface of Interdisciplinarity and Higher Education.To do so, the abstracts of articles found in the SCOPUS database were used with the keywords "Interdisciplinarity" and "higher education" in the titles, abstracts and keywords "articles", "review" and "article in press".The timeframe from 2014 to 2018 aimed to find what is new in this context.Furthermore, through the analysis of the abstracts, the following subjects were identified: Study of Complex Problems; Sustainable Issues; Interdisciplinarity as a Method; Interdisciplinary Practices; Curricular Questions; Contemporary Discourse; Interdisciplinarity for Innovation; Interdisciplinarity in the Improvement of Skills and Competencies; Interdisciplinary Approach; and Others, which were later used to quantify the subjects cited by each of the authors.
Thus, it was verified that 12.2% of the authors report the practices to promote interdisciplinarity in higher education.Many authors seek to define what comprises interdisciplinarity and note the importance of practicing it at all levels of education.The studies point to the use of interdisciplinarity for a better sustainable development and in terms of how acting in an interdisciplinary way is intrinsic to the proposal of sustainability.The quantitative results show that there is a greater deficiency of studies aimed at the application of the interdisciplinary approach in the development of this aspect for the improvement of society.This is a challenge for contemporary researchers in all fields of knowledge.
5 = Curricular Questions (change in the curriculum aiming at achieving interdisciplinarity); S 6 = Contemporary Discourse (Modern Problems); S 7 = Interdisciplinarity for Innovation (Interdisciplinarity for technological advancement); S8 = Interdisciplinarity in the Improvement of Skills and Competencies (Interdisciplinarity in the improvement of skills and competencies); S 9 = Interdisciplinary Approach (defining Interdisciplinarity as an approach); and S 10 = Other (none of the criteria mentioned above were identified).Chart 1. Concept of interdisciplinarity in Education -Authors' own work (2018).al.It conceptualizes interdisciplinarity as a contemporary movement of curricular change, with the focus on breaking down the disciplinary boundaries, from the need to study the complex problems.2018 Murray It argues that student-led actions through multi-stakeholder collaboration, interdisciplinarity and collective action have an influence on sustainability in higher education, but that research has not made it possible to see to what extent this occurs in influencing institutional change, best practice, and intersections with social justice more broadly.2018 Schäfke et al.
MossmanDisciplinary educational centers should encourage interdisciplinarity as the challenge of addressing complex issues with sustainable issues.
Based on an interdisciplinary knowledge, there is an opportunity to improve skills and knowledge.2018MolderezandFonsecaInterdisciplinaryeducation,combined with diverse activities, appears as an opportunity to overcome the barrier for the acquisition of sustainable skills.2018HaapakorpiHighereducation is disciplinary, but the student, upon reaching the labor market, encounters multi-or interdisciplinary issues.
DudaInterdisciplinarity is guided by a methodology.Analysis of the subjects covered -Authors' own work (2018).
Figure2, which shows the frequency of subjects addressed by the selected authors, is presented below.